Bruxism in awake dogs as a clinical sign of forebrain disease: 4 cases.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is a repetitive masticatory muscle activity characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth, or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible, or both. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether bruxism in awake dogs could be associated with brain lesions. ANIMALS: Four dogs with episodic bruxism in the awake state. METHODS: Observational retrospective single-center case series. Inclusion criteria were dogs examined between 2010 and 2021 with episodic bruxism as a presenting complaint or observed during the examination or hospitalization, complete medical records and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the brain. Bruxism during epileptic seizures as oroalimentary automatism was an exclusion criterion. RESULTS: Four dogs met the inclusion criteria. Two dogs had bruxism while awake as a presenting complaint, whereas in the remaining 2 it was a clinical finding. All dogs had neuroanatomical localization consistent with a forebrain lesion, with diencephalic involvement in 3/4. The diagnostic evaluation was consistent with neoplasia (n = 2) and meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (n = 2), in 1 case accompanied by corpus callosum abnormality affecting the forebrain, in 3 dogs advanced imaging findings were suggestive of increased intracranial pressure. All dogs were euthanized. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Our results suggest that the presence of bruxism in the awake state associated with other neurological deficits might indicate a forebrain lesion.

Evaluación de algunos factores de riesgo para la presentación de síndrome de úlcera gástrica (SUGE) en el caballo criollo colombiano en el Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia (Colombia) / Evaluation of some risk factors for the presentation of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in colombian creole horse in Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia (Colombia)

RESUMEN Las úlceras gástricas se definen como la pérdida de continuidad de la mucosa gástrica. Se originan principalmente por desequilibrio entre factores injuriantes y de protección del estómago. Generalmente se manifiestan con signos como pérdida de peso, cólico, bruxismo e inapetencia, conllevando al bajo rendimiento del animal y pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo para la presentación de SUGE en CCC del Valle de Aburra. Se realizó gastroscopia a 100 animales de diferentes pesebreras, entre dos y 25 años de edad; cada estómago se caracterizó macro y microscópicamente. Las lesiones macroscópicas se valoraron de acuerdo con el grado de lesión según el Equine Gastric Ulcer Council, y la clasificación microscopica se basó en una adaptación hecha por patrones de descripción de lesiones más utilizados como: The sidney system y Equine gastritis grading system (EGGS). Para el análisis de los resultados, se tuvieron en cuenta variables como la intensidad del ejercicio, alojamiento, tipo y frecuencia de alimentación, transporte y frecuencia del mismo. El 65% de los equinos evaluados presentaron lesiones compatibles con SUGE. Macroscópicamente el grado 2 de severidad fue el más común (38%), con mayor presentación en la región aglandular. Microscópicamente el edema en la región fundica y pilórica fue la lesión más frecuente (35,2% y 30,7%, respectivamente). Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la presentación de las lesiones fueron el transporte de los animales y la intensidad del ejercicio.

ABSTRACT Gastric ulcers are defined as the loss of continuity of the gastric mucosal. They are mainly caused by an imbalance between harmful and protective factors of the stomach. It generally manifests itself with signs such as weight loss, colic, bruxism and inappetence, which can lead to low performance and economic losses. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the presentation of SUGE in CCC of the Valle del Aburra. Gastroscopy was made to 100 animals from different stables, between two and 25 years of age; each stomach characterized, macro and microscopically. Lesions are evaluate depending on the degree of injury to the "Equine Gastric Ulcer Council". Microscopic lesions classification was based on an adaptation by patterns most commonly used description of injuries such as: the Sidney System and the equine gastritis grading system (EGGS). For the analysis of the results, variables such as exercise intensity, accommodation, type and frequency of feeding, transportation and its frequency were taken into account. 65% of the equines evaluated presented SUGE-compatible lesions, of which the most common degree of severity macroscopically was grade 2 (38%), with grater presentation in the non-glandular region. Microscopically, edema in the fundic and pyloric region was the most frequent (35.2% and 30.7%, respectively). The main risk factors associated with the presentation of the lesions were the transport of the animals and the intensity of the exercise.

Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf.

A 7-day-old Jersey calf was evaluated because of diarrhea and pneumonia. The calf was hypernatremic, hypoproteinemic, and acidemic, and was treated initially with i.v. administration of fluids with sodium concentration (175 mEq/L) similar to the calf's serum sodium concentration. Sodium concentration of the administered fluids was gradually decreased over the following days, but the calf's serum sodium concentration decreased too rapidly, and the calf developed neurologic signs attributed to cerebral edema. Treatment with mannitol and i.v. administration of fluids with a higher concentration of sodium resulted in abatement of clinical signs. In calves, hypernatremia may develop over several days. Prescribing traditional isotonic or hypotonic fluids in such cases will be harmful, because during chronic hypernatremia, the brain's adaptive mechanisms involve accumulation of organic osmoles that may take several days to equilibrate across cell membranes, and cerebral edema may result. Administration of fluids containing sodium concentration approximately equal to the patient's measured serum sodium concentration is required to decrease serum sodium concentration more slowly than is possible with traditional isotonic fluids.

[Stomach ulcers in the horse--clinical and gastroscopic findings in 12 horses (1989-1990)]. / Magenulzera beim Pferd--klinische und gastroskopische Befunde bei 12 Pferden (1989-1990).

Twelve horses with clinical symptoms of a gastric disorder were studied by gastroscopy. Symptoms of gastric disorders were periprandial colic, bruxism, ructus and reflux. Preliminary to gastroscopy the horses were fasted for 24 h. Access to water was not restricted. The gastroscopy could be conducted easily using a fiberscope 2.5 m in length and 11 mm in outer diameter. While ulcers were present in the squamous fundus of all horses only one horse showed ulceration of the glandular fundus. Solitary ulcers near the margo plicatus were found in horses with mild clinical symptoms. In contrast, diffuse gastroesophageal ulceration was accompanied by severe clinical symptoms. Four horses were affected by an acute gastroesophageal ulceration with gastric reflux and subsequent aspiration pneumonia. Two of those horses suffered from acute gastric ulceration 3-4 days following laparatomy. All horses were treated with cimetidine (5 mg/kg bwt/q.i.d.) until clinical symptoms ceased.